By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Omissions? Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. After reciting the Tashahud, Ta‘awuz and Surah al-Fatihah, Hazrat Khalifatul Masih V (aa) stated:. He was about five years younger than the Prophet (S.A.W.). Uthman had a reputation of favouring family members. [72]:216,248 The rebels left the house and the supporters of Uthman at the gate heard them and entered, but it was too late. Both his wives having been elder daughters of Muhammad and Khadija earned him the honorific title DhÅ« al-Nurayn ("The Possessor of Two Lights"). Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). If Talhah joined the committee within this period, he was to take part in the deliberations, but if he did not return to Medina within this period, the other members of the committee could proceed with the decision. Uthman accordingly sent Muhammad ibn Maslamah to Kufa, Usama ibn Zayd to Basra, Ammar ibn Yasir to Egypt, and Abdullah ibn Umar to Syria. Muawiyah then suggested that he be allowed to send a strong force from Syria to Medina to guard Uthman against any possible attempt by rebels to harm him. Early life. Page 90. Most Muslims of Medina were farmers with little interest in trade, and Jews had conducted most trading in the town. Professor, Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures, Indiana University. [18], After four years, the news spread among the Muslims in Abyssinia that the Quraysh of Mecca had accepted Islam, and this acceptance persuaded Uthman, Ruqayya and 39 Muslims to return. He did not receive any gifts, nor did he allow any of his family members to accept any gifts from any quarter. From Egypt, Kufa, and Basra, contingents of about 1,000 people apiece were sent to Medina, each with instructions to assassinate Uthman and overthrow the government. Moreover, letters were sent to the leaders of public opinion in different provinces concerning the reported mishandling of power by Uthman's family. Utsman bin Affan adalah sahabat nabi dan juga khalifah ketiga dalam Khulafaur Rasyidin. [27][28][29][30][31], Uthman had a very close relationship with Abu Bakr, as it was due to him that Uthman had converted to Islam. Updates? The interception was successful, and Gregory was slain by Zubayr's ambush party. [citation needed], After the body of Uthman had been in the house for three days, Naila approached some of his supporters to assist in his burial, but only about a dozen people responded, including Marwan, Zayd ibn Thabit, 'Huwatib bin Alfarah, Jubayr ibn Mut'im, Abu Jahm bin Hudaifa, Hakim bin Hazam and Niyar bin Mukarram. [57] Later, the governor of Basra, Abdullah ibn Aamir also led a number of successful campaigns, ranging from the suppression of revolts in Fars, Kerman, Sistan, and Khorasan, to the opening of new fronts for conquest in Transoxiana and Afghanistan. [72]:247,248, The body was carried to Jannat al-Baqi for burial. [87] His teeth were bound with gold wire,[87] with the front ones being noted as being particularly fine. Four hundred was set aside as mahr (dower) for Fatimah's marriage, leaving a hundred for all other expenses. [52][53][clarification needed] The opposing forces clashed at Sabuthilag (or Sufetula), which became the name of this battle. Ê¿Uthmān may even have sent an emissary...…. [92][93] This subsequently paved the way for the establishment of several Muslim states in the Mediterranean Sea during the later Umayyad and Abbasid eras,[94][95] which came in the form of the Emirate of Sicily[96] and its minor vassal the Emirate of Bari,[97][98] as well as the Emirate of Crete[99] and the Aglabid Dynasty. The economic reforms introduced by Uthman had far-reaching effects; Muslims, as well as non-Muslims of the Rashidun Empire, enjoyed an economically prosperous life during his reign. [14][page needed], On returning from a business trip to Syria in 611, Uthman learned of Muhammad's declared mission. Under Uthman, the people became more prosperous and on the political plane they came to enjoy a larger degree of freedom. [82], According to R. V. C. Bodley, Uthman subjected most of the Islamic nation to his relatives, Bani Umayya, who were partially accursed during Muhammad's lifetime. [73] The body was lifted at dusk, and because of the blockade, no coffin could be procured. The accounts in the life of Hazrat Uthman (ra) were being mentioned.. Uthman was married to Ruqayyah, and upon her death, married Umm Kulthum. These achievements gave birth to the first Muslim standing navy, thus enabling the first Muslim maritime colonization of Cyprus[90][91] and Rhodes. [74], His body was buried by Hassan, Hussein, Ali and others, but some people denied that Ali attended the funeral. [87] He had a full reddish-brown beard to which he applied saffron[85] and thick curly hair which grew past his ears, though receded at the front. He continued the conquests that had steadily increased the size of the Islamic empire, but the victories now came at a greater cost and brought less wealth in return. Uthman ibn Affan (Arabic: عثمان بن عفان‎, romanized: Ê¿Uthmān ibn Ê¿Affān; 576/573 – 17 June 656), also spelled by the Turkish and Persian rendering Osman, was a son-in-law and notable companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, as well as the third of the Rāshidun, or "Rightly Guided Caliphs". Representatives of the contingent from Kufa waited on Al-Zubayr, and those from Basra waited on Talhah, each offering them their allegiance as the next Caliph, but both were similarly turned down. The rebels entered his room and struck blows at his head. Uthman rejected it too, saying that the Syrian forces in Medina would be an incitement to civil war, and he could not be party to such a move. This was a trait which had been acknowledged by Muhammad. Corrections? Ê¿Uthmān was born into the rich and powerful Umayyad clan of Mecca, and he became a wealthy merchant. Uthman was born to Affān ibn Abi al-'As, of the Umayya, and to Arwa bint Kurayz, of the Abdshams, both wealthy clans of the Quraysh tribe in Mecca. 3, Uthman bin Affan ra [Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Jil, 2002], 156.) His full name is Uthman ibn Affan bin Al-Aas bin Umayyah bin Abdul Shams bin Abd Manaf. Ê¿Uthmān may even have sent an emissary... Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Umar had placed a ban on the sale of lands and the purchase of agricultural lands in conquered territories. With regards to the attire and appearance of Hazrat Uthman (ra) , it is related by Mahmud bin Labid that he saw Hazrat Uthman bin Affan (ra) riding a mule and his body was covered with two yellow garments. Uthman had the active support of the Umayyads, and a few other people in Medina. [86], Unlike his predecessor Umar, Uthman was not a skilled orator, having grown tongue-tied during his first address as caliph. Records from al-Bidayah wal Nihayah state that Abdullah's troops were completely surrounded by Gregory's army. Ammar ibn Yasir, who had been affiliated with Ali, abandoned Uthman for the Egyptian opposition. [40][41][42], Uthman was a shrewd businessman and a successful trader from his youth, which contributed greatly to the Rashidun Empire. Consequently, the morale of Byzantine army started crumbling and soon they were routed.[51]. [24] They went so far as to impose authoritarianism over their provinces. The orders were carried out. [citation needed] As a way of taking care of Muhammad's wives, he doubled their allowances. For this reason, the Qur'an as it exists today is also known as the Uthmanic codex. When Muhammad began preaching in Mecca about 615 ce, he soon aroused the hostility of the Umayyads, but about five years later Ê¿Uthmān accepted Muhammad and thus became the first convert of high social and economic standing. Abdullah ibn Saad, the governor of Egypt, reported about the opposition's activities instead. Naila was accompanied by some women, including Uthman's daughter. His patience and endurance were among the characteristics that made him a successful leader. This contributed to unrest in the empire and finally Uthman had to investigate the matter in an attempt to ascertain the authenticity of the rumours. Abdur Rahman bin Awf withdrew his eligibility to be appointed as caliph in order to act as a moderator and began his task by interviewing every member of the committee separately. Some decades later, the Umayyad rulers demolished the wall separating the two cemeteries and merged the Jewish cemetery into the Muslim one to ensure that his tomb was now inside a Muslim cemetery. [citation needed] Apparently, some people gathered there, and resisted Uthman's burial in the Muslim cemetery. [11], Uthman was born in Ta'if. Ê¿Uthmān, however, was conciliatory, and the rebels headed back to Egypt. The conquest of Armenia had begun by the 640s. During the Ridda wars (Wars of Apostasy), Uthman remained in Medina, acting as Abu Bakr's adviser. In 655 a group of Egyptian malcontents marched upon Medina, the seat of caliphal authority. The people took advantage of Uthman's leniency, which became a headache for the state, culminating in Uthman's assassination. During the siege, Uthman was asked by his supporters, who outnumbered the rebels, to let them fight, but Uthman refused, in an effort to avoid bloodshed among Muslims. [71] Na'ila, Uthman's wife, threw herself on his body to protect him and raised her hand to deflect a sword. [15][page needed], Uthman and his wife, Ruqayya, migrated to Abyssinia (modern Ethiopia) in April 615, along with ten Muslim men and three women. Scores of Muslims joined them later. The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. [15] Uthman was also a humanitarian: he customarily freed slaves every Friday, looked after the widows and orphans, and gave unlimited charity. This phase of conquest ended under Ê¿Uthmān and ramified widely. The weakness and nepotism of Uthman brought to a head the resentment which had for some time been stirring obscurely among the Arab warriors. However, Abdullah ibn Zubayr spotted Gregory in his chariot and asked Abdullah ibn Sa'd to lead a small detachment to intercept him. [100] The significance of Uthman's naval development and its political legacy was agreed upon by Muhammad M.Ag, author of Islamic Fiscal and Monetary Policy[101] and further strengthened by Hassan Khalileh referencing Tarikh al Bahriyya wal Islamiyya fii Misr wal Sham ("History of the Seas and Islam in Egypt and Levant") by Ahmad Abaddy and Esayyed Salem. On his deathbed, Abu Bakr dictated his will to Uthman, saying that his successor was to be Umar.[32]. Some time around 654, Uthman called all twelve provincial governors to Medina to discuss the problem. Uthman was one of the richest merchants of Mecca, with no need of financial help from his Ansari brothers, as he had brought the considerable fortune he had amassed with him to Medina. Her publications include, Islamic world: Discontent in Ê¿Uthmān’s reign. When Ali was asked, he didn't reply. Uthman realized there was a considerable commercial opportunity to promote trade among Muslims and soon established himself as a trader in Medina. This committee was: Umar asked that, after his death, the committee reach a final decision within three days, and the next caliph should take the oath of office on the fourth day. He remained somewhat apart from the other close Sahaba, having been an elegant, educated and cultured merchant-prince standing out among his poorer compatriots. Accordingly, large delegations from various cities came to present their grievances before the gathering. [15] This represented a great psychological victory for Uthman. [6] When Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab died in office aged 59/60 years, Uthman, aged 64/65 years, succeeded him and was the second-oldest to rule as Caliph. The contrary turned out to be true and his appointees had more control over how he conducted business than he had originally planned. [23][83][84], The historian al-Tabari notes that Uthman was of medium height, strong-boned and broad-shouldered, and walked in a bowlegged manner. Indeed, his style of governance made Uthman one of the most controversial figures in Islamic history. He centralized the administration of the caliphate and established an official version of the Qurʾān. [25][26], In 632, the year Muhammad died, Uthman participated in the Farewell Pilgrimage. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. He centralized the administration of the caliphate and established an official version of the Quran. [79], The resistance against Uthman arose because he favoured family members when choosing governors, reasoning that, by doing this, he would be able to exact more influence on how the caliphate was run and consequently improve the capitalist system he worked to establish. The next blow killed Uthman. However, when they reached Mecca, they found that the news about the Quraysh's acceptance of Islam was false. Nafi‘ relates from Hazrat Ibn Umar … During this Council of Governors, Uthman ordered that all resolutions of the council be adopted according to local circumstances. Ê¿Uthmān tried to create a cohesive central authority to replace the loose tribal alliance that had emerged under Muhammad. Ê¿Uthmān ibn Ê¿Affān, (died June 17, 656, Medina, Arabian Peninsula), third caliph to rule after the death of the Prophet Muhammad. But, the causes lie far deeper and the guilt of Uthman lay in his failure to recognize, control or remedy them. She had her fingers chopped off and was pushed aside. Historians, like Zaki Muhammad, accused Uthman of corruption, particularly in the case of Waleed ibn Uqba. Muhammad replied that "Uthman is modest and shy and if l had been informal with him, he would not have said what he had come here to say". Uthman also permitted people to draw loans from the public treasury. [7] His reign also saw widespread protests and unrest that eventually led to armed revolt and his assassination. Ê¿Uthmān rarely displayed energy or initiative, however, and his role in the first years of Islamic history was passive. The rebels understood that, after the Hajj, the Muslims, gathered at Mecca from all parts of the Muslim world, might march to Medina to relieve Uthman. Talhah was born c.594, He is the son of Ubaydallah ibn 'Uthman bin 'Amr ibn Ka'b bin Sa'd bin Taim bin Murrah bin Ka'b bin Luai bin Ghalib. Abu Nu`aym, Hilya al-Awliya' 1:92–100 #3; al-Dhahabi, Siyar A`lam al-Nubala' 1/2: 566–614 #4. Learning tool for beginners and advanced students. [65] Representatives of the Egyptian contingent waited on Ali, and offered him the Caliphate, but he turned them down. He asked them for whom they would cast their vote. In order to preserve the sanctity of the text, he ordered a committee headed by Zayd ibn Thabit to use caliph Abu Bakr's copy and prepare a standard copy of the Qur'an. After a discussion with Abu Bakr, Uthman decided to convert to Islam, and Abu Bakr brought him to Muhammad to declare his faith. Abdullah ibn Saad came to Medina, leaving the affairs of Egypt to his deputy, and in his absence, Muhammad bin Abi Hudhaifa staged a coup d'état and took power. Views of various Islamic historians on Uthman: Third of the Rightly Guided Caliphs in Islam, Uthman's attempts to appease the dissidents, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBewleySaad (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFLaundau-TasseronTabari (, Ibn Hisham 2/60–129; Za'd Al-Ma'ad 2/91–108; Fath Al-Bari 7/345–377; Mukhtasar Seerat Ar-Rasool p.242–275, Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War, By Kaveh Farrokh, Published by Osprey Publishing, 2007. [16]:167–169[17]:238 Uthman had to start his business afresh, but the contacts that he had already established in Abyssinia worked in his favour and his business prospered once again. (Ibn ‘Abd al-Barr, Al-Isti‘ab fi Ma’rifat al-Ashab, Vol. Some Muslim sources claim that after the conquest of northern Africa was completed by Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari,[54] Abdullah ibn Sa'd continued to Spain. He liked … Although Uthman still drew no personal allowance from the treasury, nor did he receive a salary, as he was a wealthy man with sufficient resources of his own, but, unlike Umar, Uthman accepted gifts and allowed his family members to do likewise from certain quarters. [9][10] Uthman had one sister, Amina. [72]:216, The rioters tried to decapitate Uthman's corpse, but his two widows, Na'ila and Umm al-Banin, threw themselves across the body and screamed, beating their faces and tearing their clothing, until the rioters were deterred. [56], To the east, Ahnaf ibn Qais, chief of Banu Tamim and a veteran commander who conquered Shustar earlier, launched a series of further military expansions by further mauling Yazdegerd III near Oxus River in Turkmenistan[57][58] and later crushing a military coalition of Sassanid loyalists and Hephthalite Empire in the Siege of Herat. Uthman followed the policy devised by Umar and there were more conquests, and the revenues from land increased considerably. Born into a prominent Meccan clan, Banu Umayya of the Quraysh tribe, he played a major role in early Islamic history, and is known for having ordered the compilation of the standard version of the Quran. Umar had established a public allowance and, on assuming office, Uthman increased it by about 25%. With hard work and honesty, his business flourished, making him one of the richest men in Medina. In the description of this campaign, two of Abdullah ibn Saad's generals, Abdullah ibn Nafiah ibn Husain, and Abdullah ibn Nafi' ibn Abdul Qais, were ordered to invade the coastal areas of Spain by sea, aided by a Berber force. Arwa's mother was Umm Hakim bint Abdul Muttalib, making Arwa the first cousin of Muhammad and Uthman his first cousin's son. [86] Though commonly described as having been very handsome with a fair complexion,[85] when viewed up close, light scars from a childhood bout of smallpox were said to have been evident on his face. [103] This not only resulted in settling the internal conflicts in those settlements, but also further expanded Rashidun territory to as far west as southern Iberia[104] and as far east as Sindh, Pakistan. Though he fled by the time the army returned, Muhammad ordered his pursuit and execution. [63], The rebels realized that the people in Mecca supported Uthman and were not inclined to listen to them. Several Sunni scholars, such as Ibn Qutaybah, Ali Ibn Burhanuddin al-Halabi, Ibne Abi-al-Hadeed and Ibne Manzur, reported that there were several leading Sahaba among those who called upon Uthman to step down for reasons such as nepotism and profligacy. Madelung, Wilferd (1997). They succeeded in conquering the coastal areas of Al-Andalus. Untuk rencana lanjut, sila lihat Uthman bin Affan. [13], His father, Affan, died at a young age while travelling abroad, leaving Uthman with a large inheritance. Ammar ibn Yasir, the emissary to Egypt, however, did not return to Medina. [102], From an expansionist perspective, Uthman is regarded as skilled in conflict management, as is evident from how he dealt with the heated and troubled early Muslim colonies, such as Kufa and Basra, by directing the hot-headed Arab settlers to new military campaigns and expansions. under the direction of the third caliph — Uthman ibn Affan. [90][91] Ibn Saad's conquest of the southeast coast of Spain, his stunning victory at the Battle of the Masts in Lycia, and expansion to other coasts of the Mediterranean Sea are generally overlooked. By 650 rebellions had broken out in the provinces of Egypt and Iraq. According to the Muslim scholar Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri, Uthman gave him shelter after getting permission from Muhammad, and Muhammad told him that if he was caught again after 3 days he would be executed. The Muslim tradition attribute the breakdown which occurred during his reign to the personal defects of Uthman.
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