A New Kind of Science is a best-selling book by Stephen Wolfram, published by his company Wolfram Research under the imprint Wolfram Media in 2002. Wolfram Science offers teachers a unique opportunity to show the process of discovery in action by doing live classroom computer experiments with unscripted results. Precursors of the Wolfram Language are what made Wolfram Science possible—and the Wolfram Language now provides a highly optimized environment for Wolfram Science work. Stephen Wolfram's discoveries in the early 1980s were made in a class of simple programs known as cellular automata. The Wolfram|Alpha language understanding system relies heavily on ideas from Wolfram Science, in effect setting up collections of interacting simple programs that represent primitive linguistic processes. Nature creates complex and beautiful forms by following specific simple programs—but with all the programs in the computational universe, we have an inexhaustible supply of nature-like beauty to explore. The preeminent environment for any technical workflows. Wolfram Science is about generalizing this by using programs instead of equations to model the world. Curated computable knowledge powering Wolfram|Alpha. Just as the concept of digital information led us to genomics, so ideas about the computational universe may lead us to an understanding of diverse biological processes—and the complexity that makes medicine difficult. Now it's time to mine the computational universe—and discover algorithms we'd never imagine. The original journal devoted to the science, mathematics, and engineering of systems with simple components but complex overall behavior. Wolfram calls these systems simple programs and argues that the scientific philosophy and methods appropriate for the study of simple programs are relevant to other fields of science. Stephen Wolfram has long explored this idea, generating a rich set of results, but not yet finding our universe... Each program in the computational universe is like a new idea, with its own consequences—that can surprise and amaze us with their unexpectedness, cleverness, usefulness or beauty. When an architectural project calls for a form with inner logic but rich and complex structure, it's become common to turn to Wolfram Science to find simple programs that can generate it. It contains an empirical and systematic study of computational systems such as cellular automata. Programming. Concepts like the Principle of Computational Equivalence are long-term scientific ideas that require progressive validation—like the 2007 Wolfram-sponsored proof of the simplest universal Turing machine. The Wolfram Science methodology involves large-scale searches that, if successful, immediately give the final result. Large numbers of academic papers have used Wolfram Science methodologies to create models and make discoveries across an amazing diversity of natural, social and mathematical sciences—and beyond. Since 2003, the annual Wolfram Summer School has served as a highly successful model for project-based education in Wolfram Science. Traditional methodology involves building up algorithms in incremental steps. Research in Wolfram Science tends to involve extensive visualization of computational processes—a technique widely used in the development of Wolfram|Alpha. In the computational universe, it's common to find optimal programs whose operation is at best difficult to understand—necessitating automated methods for assessing performance or proving correctness. Following extensive work by Stephen Wolfram and many others, simple programs are beginning to overtake mathematical equations as the favored modeling approach for a wide range of systems, especially where complex behavior is seen. Central infrastructure for Wolfram's cloud products & services. Most traditional algorithms have very regular iterative (periodic) or recursive (nested) structures. We've been mining the physical universe for technology for millennia. Since the 1600s, most of exact science has been based on constructing mathematical equations for the world. Revolutionary knowledge-based programming language. The symbolic primitives—and pattern-matching capabilities—of the Wolfram Language make it ideally suited to represent a broad range of models of computations and types of simple program. Wolfram Natural Language Understanding System. 1197 pp. Technology-enabling science of the computational universe. Wolfram|Alpha is full of heuristics that effectively automate human judgment and aesthetic choice. Once a Wolfram Science discovery is made in the Wolfram Language, it's easy to take the algorithm, model, etc. Partly because it's so new, and partly because of its methodologies, research in Wolfram Science is uniquely accessible to students—so even young students can potentially make their own discoveries. Wolfram Notebooks are ideal for recording computer experiments, showing the sequence of steps taken, and inserting text with relevant observations. Simple programs—especially cellular automata—have been widely used to produce decorative art, with forms evoking different styles found by searching the computational universe of programs. Built in 2005 at the height of the ringtone craze, WolframTones creates short musical pieces by mining them from the computational universe. What does it take to make a universal computer? The Wolfram Language has a variety of built-in functions for doing common operations in Wolfram Science—such as running cellular automata, Turing machines, and so on. Mining the computational universe of possible programs using the ideas of Wolfram Science has become a key approach for creating algorithms used in Wolfram products. And as a company committed to a long-term vision, Wolfram Research continues to support Wolfram Science and its intellectual development. It took his 2002 book to show how broad the discoveries in fact are. Today's mathematics—as captured in many functions in Mathematica—is based on specific axioms. Back in 2002, after years of labor, Wolfram self-published A New Kind of Science, a 1,200-page magnum opus detailing the general idea that nature runs … The latest on exploring the computational universe. Nature. Wolfram Science has components that appeal to a remarkably wide range of students. This book is the culmination of nearly twenty years of work that I have done to develop that new kind of science. List of all sections in Chapter 2 from Stephen Wolfram's A New Kind of Science. A core discovery in Wolfram Science is that even extremely short programs—say less than a line of Wolfram Language code—can behave in irreducibly rich and complex ways. Wolfram Research often searches trillions of programs to find the best algorithm for a particular purpose, typically avoiding incremental and evolutionary methods that tend not to reach the truly unexpected. If simple programs can yield infinitely complex behavior, perhaps our whole universe can be represented as just a simple program. Particularly at lower levels, Wolfram Science teaches the same kind of abstract and rigorous thinking as math—but is often more concrete and accessible, and has immediate surprising connections to the real world. Stephen Wolfram's central principle, inferred from years of studying the computational universe—with deep implications for science, technology and our ways of thinking about the world. Section 1: How Do Simple Programs Behave? Official Website of Wolfram Science and Stephen Wolfram's 'A New Kind of Science'. Wolfram Science highlights the rich space of other possible axioms that yield uninvented branches of mathematics. The interactive and highly automated character of the Wolfram Language makes it uniquely suitable for doing computer experiments as soon as one thinks of them.

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