Distance Between Two Points; Circles 16. For example, if your real number is represented by the letter t, the vector valued function might return [ h (t), g (t), f (t)] A vector function (also called a vector-valued function) takes in a real number as input and returns a vector. The graph of a function of two variables, say,z=f(x,y), lies inEuclidean space, which in the Cartesian coordinate system consists of all ordered triples of real numbers (a,b,c). Obvious examples are velocity, acceleration, electric field, and force. 5.1 The gradient of a scalar field Recall the discussion of temperature distribution throughout a room in the overview, where we wondered how a scalar would vary as we moved off in an arbitrary direction. In vector (or multivariable) calculus, we will deal with functions of two or three variables (usuallyx,yorx,y,z, respectively). A simple example is a mass m acted on by two forces �1and �2. Exercises 16.1. Examples of vectors are velocity and acceleration; examples of scalars are mass and charge. If ~ais a non-zero vector, the vector 1 j~aj ~ais the unique unit vector pointing in the same direction as ~a. Newton’s equation then takes the form m�= �1+�2, where �is the acceleration vector of the mass. Vector Calculus ... Collapse menu 1 Analytic Geometry. Example 3. , which is the reciprocal of the square of the distance from (x,y,z) to the origin—in other words, F is an “inverse square law”. 1. j~aj= p 4 2+ ( 2)2 + 1 = p 21; so ~u= 1 p 21 ~a= 4 p 21 ~i+ 2 p 21 ~j+ 1 p 21 ~k 1.3 Dot Product The underlying physical meaning — that is, why they are worth bothering about. calculus. Below, prob- ably all our examples will be of these “magnitude and direction” vectors, but we should not forget that many of the results extend to the wider realm of vectors. Vectors can be differentiated component by component: F(u) = Fi(u)ei⇒F′(u) = F′ i(u)ei provided the basis {ei}is independent of u(note the implicit summation convention over repeated indices). Find the unit vector ~upointing in the same direction as ~a= 4~i 2~j+~k. In Lecture 6 we will look at combining these vector operators. The important vector calculus formulas are as follows: From the fundamental theorems, you can take, F(x, y, z) = P(x, y, z)i + Q(x, y, z)j + R(x, y, z)k Fundamental Theorem of the Line Integral Lines; 2. Vectors can be added to each other and multiplied by scalars. The vector F is a gradient: F = ∇ 1 p x2+ y2+z2, (16.1.1) which turns out to be extremely useful. A unit vector is a vector of length one. Here we find out how to.

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