If W3 is possible, an important plank in Plantinga’s Free Will Defense is removed. [49] Others have argued, Some scholars explicitly disagree with Plantinga's argument. [69][70][71] Aquinas says that the afterlife is the greater good that justifies the evil and suffering in current life. But if this account is true, which the Stoics were in no manner able to see, that argument also of Epicurus is done away. [40][41], Advocates of the free will response to evil propose various explanations of natural evils. [121], Some modern liberal Christians, including French Calvinist theologian André Gounelle and Pastor Marc Pernot of L'Oratoire du Louvre, believe that God is not omnipotent, and that the Bible only describes God as "almighty" in passages concerning the End Times. Sociologist Walter Brueggemann says theodicy is "a constant concern of the entire Bible" and needs to "include the category of social evil as well as moral, natural (physical) and religious evil". There exist instances of intense suffering which an omnipotent, omniscient being could have prevented without thereby losing some greater good or permitting some evil equally bad or worse. John Joseph Haldane's Wittgenstinian-Thomistic account of concept formation[115] and Martin Heidegger's observation of temporality's thrown nature[116] imply that God's act of creation and God's act of judgment are the same act. Luke 22:31–34 says resist the fear and despair that accompany suffering, instead remember/believe God has the power to help. Necessarily, God actualized an evolutionary perfect world. P1f. This task does not require the identification of a plausible explanation of evil, and is successful if the explanation provided shows that the existence of God and the existence of evil are logically compatible. It is important to note that (MSR1) directly conflicts with a common assumption about what kind of world God could have created. Although sketching out mere possibilities without giving them any evidential support is typically an unsatisfactory thing to do in philosophy, it is not clear that Mackie’s unhappiness with Plantinga is completely warranted. Some solutions propose that omnipotence does not require the ability to actualize the logically impossible. Saint Thomas systematized the Augustinian conception of evil, supplementing it with his own musings. It is now widely agreed that this intuition is correct. In fact, it appears that even the most hardened atheist must admit that (MSR1) and (MSR2) are possible reasons God might have for allowing moral and natural evil. If God were all-powerful, God would be able to do something about all of the evil and suffering. [35] This is called skeptical theism because the argument aims to encourage self-skepticism, either by trying to rationalize God's possible hidden motives, or by trying to explain it as a limitation of human ability to know. However, it is not clear that human freedom requires the existence of natural evils like deadly viruses and natural disasters. C. S. Lewis (1943, p. 52) offers the following answer to this question: Why, then, did God give them free will? (21) Parents should not inflict unwanted pain upon their children. "[62]:146 Classic theism includes "impassability" (God cannot suffer personally) as a necessary characteristic of God. [76] The other is a more modern version of "deny evil", suggested by Christian Science, wherein the perception of evil is described as a form of illusion. They claim that, since there is something morally problematic about a morally perfect God allowing all of the evil and suffering we see, there must not be a morally perfect God after all. Job 40 says God is not like humans but wants a relationship with all of them, which requires some surrender to God and acceptance of suffering. But since there is a lot of evil in the world, God does not exist and this basically forms a basis for the logical problem of evil. Given the program running inside the robot and its exposure to an empty soda can, it’s going to take the can to the recycle bin.

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