Reductio ad absurdum (“Reduction to absurdity”). A priori / a posteriori. Into what two kinds does H. divide "the objects of reason or inquiry"? All cats are fat, a fortiori Tibbles is fat. metaphysical sciences? What three principles of association does H. find? could be trusted to the "fallacious deductions of our reason"? Only the contrapositive is logically equivalent to the original. A fortiori (“Hence still more strongly”). Metaphysics / Epistemology. A way things could have been (or are, since the actual world is also a possible world). Philosophical Thought. It contains 4 types of letter (d, l, n, o) but a total of 6 letter tokens. An argument begs the question iff one of the premises of the argument covertly assumes the truth of the conclusion – that is, the argument is circular. (516.1-517.1), 22. Ipso facto (“By that very fact”). 9. Valid. Thought experiment. a belief or theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response. (509.1) How does H. describe the sentiment associated with the latter? this swan is white, this other swan is white, and so is that one, therefore all swans are white. facts, information, and skills acquired by a person through experience or education; the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject. One part of the field of life's meaning consists of the systematicattempt to clarify what people mean when they ask in virtue of whatlife has meaning. the ability to understand something; comprehension. Unit 4: How One Should ... and a clearer account of what it is still desired. a mouse in the house). the way the mind processes certain characteristics of an object through its relationship to the senses. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, available online at: Various other encyclopedias and dictionaries of philosophy can be found in the library. How should we ascertain the meaning of a philosophical term Philosophy and Human Understanding Post a thoughtful response to both of the following questions (your response should be at least two paragraphs in length): On what ground does H. argue that it is not probable that causal inferences A deduction is a valid argument. with the intention of deceiving. Use/Mention. (500), 8. From the answers to 11 and 12, what follows about the epistemological status of the principle "similar events have similar effects"? An imagined scenario. A state of affairs is necessary iff it could not possibly have failed to obtain. A normative term is one that cannot be used except in making normative claims. By contrast, epistemology (again broadly) is the study of our knowledge of how things are. (521). If the meaning alone of a true sentence is not enough to ensure its truth, it is synthetically true. What philosophical view about the mind-body relation and the internal operations of the mind does H. consider on p. 518 in order to reject on p. 519? How does he avoid this radical conclusion himself? Why? 10. X is a sufficient condition for Y iff X’s obtaining is enough for Y to obtain. Sound. London is smelly (use); “London” has six letters (mention). Ad hoc (“To a specific end or purpose”). Not to be confused with the fallacious: if X, then Y, Y, therefore X (“Affirmation of the consequent”). In what does the difference between fiction and belief lie? The word philosophical means "of or relating to philosophers or philosophy," according to Merriam-Webster. A priori / a posteriori. Why is it circular to argue in a probabilistic manner that the future will be like the past? philosophy is the science of asking many questions, which in turn raises more questions which must be answered in order to know or understand something. (501) Are any laws of nature knowable a priori? All cats are fat, a fortiori Tibbles is fat. What "principle" determines us to infer the existence of one object from another? the use of fallacious arguments, esp. reasoning allows for the possibility that the conclusion is false, even if all of the premises are true. How is knowledge of cause-effect relations attainable? 11. (521), 26. How should we ascertain the meaning of a philosophical term? E.g. (520), 25. (498) 5. For example, a certain smell may be associated with a memory, like the smell of hot dogs at a baseball game.

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