A genetic approach including recombinant DNA techniques identified a gene cluster responsible for acetic acid resistance in Acetobacter aceti: these are aarA encoding a citrate synthase, aarB encoding a functionally unknown protein, and aarC encoding a protein probably involved in acetic acid assimilation [6, 7]. The DNA sequence was analyzed by using the Genetyx sequence analysis program (Software Development). Fritsch Acetic acid resistance of A. aceti transformants. A.L. W. Bahl Ben-Bassat Kawamura Muschko Coulson The resultant plasmid, pACO300 carrying the aconitase gene (Fig. These results suggest that the aconitase gene is regulated by acetic acid and ethanol, both of which are present in the fermentation medium and whose concentrations vary during acetic acid fermentation. We examined a change of protein pattern induced by acetic acid in A. aceti 10–8S2. 4(a)). Production of several proteins was apparently induced by acetic acid to various extents but some proteins almost disappeared in response to acetic acid. In this study, as a first step to elucidate the mechanism of acetic acid resistance by proteomic analysis, we analyzed a protein in the soluble fraction that is overproduced in response to acetic acid by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. W.C. Kaspar The cell lysates were centrifuged at 100,000g for 1 h at 4 °C. The transformant with pACO300 was also able to grow in the medium used for acetic acid fermentation with higher acetic acid concentrations (Fig. This paper deals with aconitase that is produced in elevated amounts in response to acetic acid. N. H.C Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria. [1] It grows best in temperatures that range from 25 to 30 degrees Celsius and in pH that ranges from 5.4 to 6.3. The NH2-terminal amino acid sequence determined with the protein blotted on a PVDF membrane is present in the deduced amino acid sequence at positions 1–15. R.J. The acetic acid fermentation profiles of the transformant carrying pACO300 or the vector are shown in Fig. (, Yanisch-Perron One of the possible explanations is that acetic acid at a high concentration denatures the aconitase because the acetic acid concentration reaches higher than 4% during fermentation, at which concentration even the growth of the transformant harboring the aconitase gene is repressed. Similar experiments have also been tested on other fruits such as apples and pears and results end with rotten fruits. Sequence alignment of aconitases from A. aceti and E. coli. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of the proteins induced by acetic acid from A. aceti. This work was supported by the Ministry of Economic Affairs of the Republic of China. Samples of the bacteria are placed in a few silicone tubes. In contrast, several acetic acid bacteria that are utilized for vinegar production lack these genes. With the advantages of thermotolerance, resistance to ethanol, high acetic acid productivity, and easy preservation by lyophilization, isolate I14–2 is suitable for vinegar making. The soluble fractions from A. aceti 10–8S2, which was grown in the medium without (a and c) or with 1% (v v−1) acetic acid (b and d), were prepared as described in Section 2. YPG medium (pH 6.5) consisted of 5 g of yeast extract (Wako Pure Chemicals), 2 g of polypeptone (Wako Pure Chemicals), and 30 g of glucose in 1 liter of water. 5). Horinouchi G. Acetic acid bacteria, consisting of two genera Acetobacter and Gluconobacter, are unique microorganisms that can oxidize ethanol to acetic acid and show high resistance to acetic acid and ethanol [1]. Number of times cited according to CrossRef: Screening and molecular characterization of new thermo‐ and ethanol‐tolerant Acetobacter malorum strains isolated from two biomes Moroccan cactus fruits. 5. R. Acetic acid bacteria: A group of bacteria with versatile biotechnological applications. The thin arrows indicate the direction of the E. coli lac promoter in the vector. Catalase: (, 2. (, Altschul On the other hand, aconitase activity of the transformant harboring pACO300 did not decrease. The restriction map of the cloned 5.3-kb PstI–SphI fragment is shown in Fig. Studies on acetic acid bacteria. T. Sanger nov., isolated from Kombucha tea. 8. Okumura F. Small Acetic acid fermentation was carried out as described in Section 2. (, Mengaud Horinouchi I14–2 at 30 °C was comparable with those of some thermoplilic strains such as Acetobacter sp. Because amplification of the aconitase gene led to the elevation of acetic acid resistance, we expected that the transformant carrying pACO300 would produce acetic acid in a larger yield. The effects of temperature on gluconic acid production and cell growth were coincident in trend with acetic acid formation. Cells were then harvested, and the aconitase activities were measured as described in Section 2. Russell Louis Pasteur proved it to be the cause of conversion of ethanol to acetic acid in 1864. Gossele Yoshinaga The NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of the protein S100 was determined by the Edman degradation procedure. The A. aceti transformant carrying pACO300 was grown in YPG medium with ethanol and acetic acid, which was routinely used for acetic acid fermentation, and the aconitase activity was compared with that of the same strain carrying the vector pMV24. D. Tayama E.W. Amikam H. C. Meade The amino acid residues involved in the formation of the Fe–S cluster [23] are conserved in the amino acid sequence (Fig. (, Lowry A protein of 100 kDa whose production was enhanced in response to acetic acid was cut and directly analyzed by Edman degradation [10] on an Applied Biosystems Model 492cLC protein sequencer. Anaerobic growth: (−) For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. F. Diez-Gonzalez Cells were then harvested, and the aconitase activities were measured as described in Section 2. 1980). This indicates that the aconitase gene on pACO300 is induced by acetic acid, suggesting that the aconitase gene is expressed also by use of its own acetic acid-inducible promoter in Acetobacter, in addition to the E. coli lac promoter. The activity was not changed by addition of acetic acid. G.H. K. aarABC confers acetic acid resistance on the host cells supposedly by assimilating acetic acid. Acetobacter aceti 10–8S2 was grown in YPG medium with and without 1% (v v−1) acetic acid. D.H. It grows best in temperatures that range from 25 to 30 degrees Celsius and in pH that ranges from 5.4 to … Impact of high initial concentrations of acetic acid and ethanol on acetification rate in an internal Venturi injector bioreactor. Rod‐shaped 3. 3), with 55% similarity, but was not similar to another E. coli aconitase, AcnB.

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