Was Spain Neutral or a Nazi Ally in World War Two? This ultimately served as a severe disadvantage to the men who had yet to see combat. [10] Rough Riders on both left and right sides of the trail moved forward and eventually forced the Spaniards back to their second line of trenches. Rough Rider. Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the ... ... The rest of San Juan Heights was taken within the following hour. Its members came from the cattle ranges, mining camps, and law enforcement agencies of the Southwest. In the Comedy MASH 4077 Colonel Sherman Potter claims to ridden with Theodore Roosevelt at the age of 15 {which would have made him born 1883-and unless he was the rank of General-too old for active service in either World War I; World War II or the Korean War! He later claimed that he wished to fight on foot as he did at Las Guasimas, but that would have made it too difficult to move up and down the hill to supervise his men effectively. [citation needed] By July 17, 1898, the Spanish forces in Santiago surrendered to General Shafter and the United States military. Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders - America's Library With the Rough Riders came Ord and Pershing and the men of the 10th Cavalry, all merging into a massive wave. FACTS ABOUT THE CLUB. Under heavy prompting from Washington D.C., General Shafter gave the order to dispatch the troops early before sufficient traveling storage was available. Troop C's Rough Riders Horse Team were internationally famous for their daredevil stunts and incomparable horsemanship and fearlessness. What is the best city to live in Philippines? The Spanish–American War also began a trend of United States intervention in foreign affairs which has lasted to the present day. Camp was set up nearby and the men were to remain there until further orders had been given to advance. Eliot, T. Frost, R. Their colourful and often unorthodox exploits received extensive publicity in the U. Leonard Wood resigned as White House physician to command the regiment; Roosevelt, who resigned as assistant secretary of the Navy, was second in command. On August 14, Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders returned to the United States and landed in Montauk, New York. Using long-range, large-caliber Hotchkiss guns, he fired at the opposition, who were reportedly concealed along trenches, roads, bridges, and jungle cover. General Young, who was in command of the regulars and cavalry, began the attack in the early morning. [9], Upon arrival on Cuban shores on June 23, 1898, the men promptly unloaded themselves and the small amount of equipment they carried with them. Found inside – Page 341The " Rough Riders , " who on Cuban soil made an imperishable name for themselves and for Arizona , are of the same ... Guard of Arizona furnisbed a considerable number of men , who at the time were active members of the Guard . Who Were The Commanders Of The Rough Riders? If New Mexico wants to be a state, I will go down to Washington to speak for her and do anything I can. Rough Rider, member of 1st Volunteer Cavalry, in the Spanish-American War, member of a regiment of U.S. cavalry volunteers recruited by Theodore Roosevelt and composed of cowboys, miners, law-enforcement officials, and college athletes, among others. This book, the only full study of TR’s pre-presidential years, shows that he was an inevitable chief executive. “It was as if he were subconsciously aware that he was a man of many selves,” the author writes, “and set about ... A significant number of these deaths actually occurred at training areas in the southeastern United States. Makati City. Although the men, for the most part, were already experienced horsemen, the officers refined their techniques in riding, shooting from horseback, and practicing in formations and in skirmishes. Found inside – Page 270“ Sergeant Craig Wadsworth , Roosevelt's Rough Riders . ” It is recorded that the club's house bell immediately ... Among those at Montauk Point who were convinced the ist Volunteers were capable riders were members of the 3rd Cavalry . Rough Riders' legend lives long after war Teddy Roosevelt and the formation of the Rough Riders ... In Search of El Dorado – The fascinating life of Sir Walter Raleigh. Gone Country: Rough Riders Book 14 Kissin' Tell At the Battle of El Caney the same day, U.S. forces took the fortified Spanish position and were then able to extend the U.S. flank on San Juan Hill. Roosevelt, who had formed and led the famed 1 st Volunteer Cavalry (the "Rough Riders"), became a national hero. The volunteers made the charge up San Juan Hill on foot. 1st U S Vol. Cav. Officially known as the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry, this famous regiment became known as the "Rough Riders" and its members were personally recruited . [citation needed]. They had a more difficult path to travel around the time the battle began, and at first they had to make their way up a very steep hill. Although McKinley and Roosevelt in hindsight would refer to the Spanish–American War as a "splendid little war", it was much more complex than that. This way the Spanish would be forced to hold their ground while being bombarded by American artillery. It is the inspiring story of the first African American soldiers to serve during the post-slavery era, first in the West and later in Cuba, when full equality, legally at least, was still a distant dream. He also recognized that he could see his men better from the elevated horseback, and they could see him better as well. Several area men were part of the Rough Riders, the brash unit led by Theodore Roosevelt that played an integral role in the battle of . Towards the end of the nineteenth century, William McKinley defeated Grover Cleveland for the presidency and there was a huge push for the United States of America to expand beyond its continental boarders. "[4]: 130 During the first portion of the month that the men stayed in Montauk, they received hospital care. Who were the members of the Rough Riders? - JanetPanic.com [4]: 75 Roosevelt chided his own men to not leave him alone in a charge up the hill, and drawing his sidearm, promised nearby black soldiers separated from their own units that he would fire at them if they turned back, warning them he kept his promises. Cowboy Take Me Away That term was borrowed from Buffalo Bill, who called his traveling Western show "Buffalo Bill's Wild West and Congress of Rough Riders of the World."[2]. Along with these practices, the high-ranking men heavily studied books filled with tactics and drills to better themselves in leading the others. He resigned in 1898 to organize the Rough Riders, the first voluntary cavalry in the Spanish-American War. The most famous of all the units fighting in Cuba, the "Rough Riders" was the name given to the First U.S. Volunteer Cavalry under the leadership of Theodore Roosevelt.Roosevelt resigned his position as Assistant Secretary of the Navy in May 1898 to join the volunteer cavalry. His actions during the battle earned a recommendation for the Congressional Medal of Honor, but politics intervened and the request was denied. Trooper Jesse D. Langdon of the 1st Volunteer Infantry, who accompanied Col. Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough Riders in their assault on Kettle Hill, reported: "We were exposed to the Spanish fire, but there was very little because just before we started, why, the Gatling guns opened up at the bottom of the hill, and everybody yelled, 'The Gatlings! For additional information on the Rough Riders, see AGO Doc File 536595 and other War Department Records. Answer (1 of 3): There were a number of Native Americans who were in TR's Rough Riders. Rough Riders. Dewey. In 1997, the Rough Riders (miniseries) aired on TNT over two consecutive nights. Some had lost their jobs, others were sick, and there were dependents of the deceased. [4]: 129, The rest of the month in Montauk, New York was spent in celebration of victory among the troops. [1] Wilson ultimately rejected Roosevelt's plan, refused to make use of the volunteers, and Roosevelt disbanded the unit. He sent messengers to seek out one of the generals and coax orders from them to advance from their position. The war became an analogy for the unit and the country. It operated as a subsidiary of Universal, and distributed by Fontana Distribution.As a group act, Ruff Ryders Entertainment goes by the Ruff Ryders, with DMX being the de facto leader. "The difficulty in organizing was not in selecting, but in rejecting men. The United States Army was small, understaffed, and disorganized in comparison to its status during the American Civil War roughly thirty years prior. The Rough Riders would receive more publicity than any other Army unit in that war, and they are best remembered for their conduct during the Battle of San Juan Hill, though it is seldom mentioned how heavily they outnumbered Spanish soldiers who opposed them. Like all Troop C Members, the Rough Riders rode spotted mounts, giving the Troop its nickname as The Spotted Horse Rough Riders. Before becoming President of the United States, Theodore Roosevelt was the Assistant Secretary of the Navy. . Dumaguete City. [1] The regiment was also nicknamed "Wood's Weary Walkers" for its first commander, Colonel Leonard Wood. The 1995 team that competed in the U.S. Interregional Soccer League (USISL) included Chris Armas, Jim Rooney (Meola's assistant in Jacksonville) to go along with Savarese and Meola. The soldiers, laughing, fell in with the volunteers to prepare for the assault. Due to this problem, only eight of the 12 companies of The Rough Riders were permitted to leave Tampa to engage in the war, and many of the horses and mules were left behind. We'd never have been able to take Kettle Hill if it hadn't been for Parker's Gatling guns. The Rough Riders by Theodore Roosevelt. Dale L. Walker, "from the San Juan Heights,", Times Wire Services (1987-05-19). They were joined in the attack by the 10th (Negro) Cavalry. The Rough Riders saw their last battle during the Siege of Santiago, where they helped secure a border around the city. The Rough Riders is the name bestowed on the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry, one of three such regiments raised in 1898 for the Spanish-American War and the only one of the three to see action. The battle of San Juan Heights began with an artillery barrage on the Spanish position. Within 20 minutes, Kettle Hill was taken, though casualties were heavy. Found inside – Page 361the new Jersey authorities in Metuchen were chasing ace and other members as best they could. ... Oddly, the vial of ink had been a decisive clue that at least one rough riders member was involved in a murder investigation. Many of the men were stricken with malarial fever (described at the time as "Cuban fever") and died in Cuba, while some were brought back to the United States on board the ship in makeshift quarantine. Found inside – Page 89Focusing on the gang member that threw Charlie the whiskey bottle, Jake squeezes off a shot that hits the outlaw in the back. He sits on his horse not knowing what has just happened, with blood starting to pour from his mouth. The armistice also gained the United States the territories of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. [23] The Rough Riders continued to have annual reunions in Las Vegas until 1967, when the sole veteran to attend was Jesse Langdon. The U.S. was fighting against Spain over Spain's colonial policies with Cuba. Found inside – Page 2387It was several days after the battle between the Rough Riders and the Spaniards . We visited Colonel Roosevelt and were introduced to several members of his staff . He said that although after the battle they would have been glad to ... When Wood was promoted to become commander of the 2nd Cavalry Brigade, the regiment became known as "Roosevelt's Rough Riders." Luckily, the rounds they fired were 7mm Mauser bullets, which moved at a high velocity and inflicted small, clean wounds. but, after listening a moment, I leaped to my feet and called, 'It's the Gatlings, men! The press promptly termed the outfit the Rough Riders. The ultimate goal of the Americans in capturing the San Juan Heights (also known as Kettle Hill and San Juan Hill) was to attain a strategic position from which to move downhill and attack Santiago, a strong point for the Spanish military. were a group of American volunteers that formed to fight at San Juan Hill in Cuba. rough riders. The book includes a section entitled "The Roster of the Rough Riders" on pages 259 through 320. Renee Booker A cowboy hat, like those worn by the Rough Riders. Before they returned to their homes across the country, Colonel Roosevelt gave them a short speech commending their efforts, expressing his profound pride, and reminding them that although heroes, they would have to integrate back into normal society and work as hard as everyone else. Found inside – Page 135For example, at least five volunteers had played with the Ottawa Rough Riders and six others had been members of the Govemor- General's Foot Guards bugle band.29 Others belonged to the Queen's Own Lodge, Sons of England or the Masonic ... In fact most volunteer infantry were armed with the obsolete Trap-door Springfield Rifle in .45-70 firing black powder. "One of the distressing features of the Malaria which had been ravaging the troops was that it was recurrent and persistent. Diary and an expanded later version of Owens' diary concerning his experiences as a Rough Rider. The Rough Riders helped fight the Battle of San Juan Hill, which helped win the war. The truth behind Ninjas – Would you believe it? The 10th never received the glory for the charge that the Rough Riders did, but one of their commanders - Captain "Black Jack" Pershing (who later commanded American troops in World War I) - was awarded the Silver Star. This reflected their dissatisfaction that despite being cavalry, they ended up fighting in Cuba as infantry, since their horses were not sent there with them. Attachment to Report of Operations. Ruff Ryders Entertainment is an American record label founded by Joaquin "Waah" Dean, Darin "Dee" Dean and Chivon Dean, uncles and aunt of producer Swizz Beatz. They also were able to utilize the land and cover in such a way that they were difficult to spot. . The Crowded Hour feels like the best type of war reporting—told with a clarity that takes nothing away from the horrors of the battlefield” (The New York Times Book Review). The captain stood hesitant, and Colonel Roosevelt rode off on his horse, Texas, leading his own men uphill while waving his hat in the air and cheering. What is the most peaceful and safest city in the Philippines? "[4]: 22 This "rough and tumble" appearance contributed to earning them the title of "The Rough Riders.". This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Outside the volunteer division, one of Roosevelt's most trusted officers from the Rough Riders, Brigadier General John Campbell Greenway, served in the 101st Infantry Regiment. A number of wealthier supporters donated money to help the needy veterans, though many were too proud to accept. They were gathered mainly from the southwest because the hot climate region that the men were used to was similar to that of Cuba where they would be fighting. The United States Army was weakened and left with little manpower after the American Civil War roughly thirty years prior. Found inside – Page 42(AdeQHA) ABOVE RIGHT Many Rough Rider veterans were members of the Roosevelt's Rough Riders Association and the United Spanish War Veterans. The standing USWV veteran on the far right is wearing the Rough Rider medal along with the USWV ... Our total loss in killed and wounded was 1,071. Before training began, Lieutenant Colonel Roosevelt used his political influence as Assistant Secretary of the Navy to ensure that his volunteer regiment would be properly equipped to serve as any regular Army unit. It was a flamboyant unit that received more publicity than any other unit in that war, especially for its uphill charge in the Battle of Santiago July 1, Rough Rider. [16] Col. Roosevelt was so impressed by the actions of Lt. Parker and his men that he placed his regiment's two 7mm Colt–Browning machine guns and the volunteers manning them under Parker, who immediately emplaced them—along with 10,000 rounds of captured 7mm Mauser ammunition—at tactical firing points in the American line.[17]. (Rough Riders, ibid) Two of Kane's subordinates were the other Meadbrook members, Willie Tiffany and Henry Bull. As the Rough Riders made quick work of the Spanish fleet, this war would now be defined forever as the formation of American imperialism. Found inside – Page 108The rough riders were regarded as the best in the country. ... Members of the 1929 rough riders included Captain Stephen McGrath, Lieutenant Tremaine Hughes, Joseph Deveans, J. A. Steeley, Benjamin Butler, J. Buster Todd, John Damrath, ... Cowboy Take Me Away: Rough Riders Book 16 We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Subscribe: http://bit.ly/NatGeoSubscribe Watch all clips . ASU's Rough Riders and the path to statehood. Continuing to advance, the Rough Riders eventually forced the Spanish to withdraw completely from their final positions. The Rough Riders had the highest casualty rate of all of the regiments involved in the actions in Cuba. It operated as a subsidiary of Universal, and distributed by Fontana Distribution.As a group act, Ruff Ryders Entertainment goes by the Ruff Ryders, with DMX being the de facto leader. The Rough Riders, though, have gone down in American lore. They were not trained as infantry and were not conditioned to doing heavy marching, especially long-distance in hot, humid, and dense jungle conditions. Below are 10 cities in the Philippines with the cheapest cost of living. During times which physical drills could not be run, either because of confinement on board the train, ship, or during times where space was inadequate, there were some books that were read further as to leave no time wasted in preparation for war. We also searched online and located a digitized version of the book The Story of the Rough Riders, 1st U.S. Volunteer Cavalry: The Regiment in Camp and on the Battle Field. By then Roosevelt had already given up insisting that his regiment be called by its official name: the 1st U. Volunteer Cavalry. This article is about the US cavalry regiment. ROUGH RIDERS, officially the First U.S. Cavalry Volunteers, fought in the Spanish-American War and became the most widely publicized regiment in American military history. takes charge", David S. Pierson, "What the Rough Riders lacked in military discipline, they made up for with patriotic fervor and courage". The Rough Riders, as they were called after Roosevelt assumed command, was made up of Western frontiersmen, Ivy League athletes and Native American tribesmen, among others. Aside from Lieutenant-Colonel Roosevelt's first-hand mention of deep, heartfelt sorrow from the men left behind, this situation resulted in a premature weakening of the men. Found inside – Page 557Colonel Theodore Roosevelt shown with members of the 1st U.S. Volunteer Cavalry Regiment (Rough Riders) at the summit of ... The Rough Riders were assigned to Brigadier General Samuel Young's brigade of Major General Joseph Wheeler's ... DIVBased on a pocket diary from the Spanish-American War, this tough-as-nails 1899 memoir abounds in patriotic valor and launched the future President into the American consciousness. /div Found inside – Page 48Only one saw brief combat and two others were deployed to Cuba as garrison in Havana . ... Teddy Roosevelt and the twenty Rough Riders died as did Rough Riders first charged up fifteen members of the 71st New Kettle Hill and then ... [4]: 45, Within another day of camp being established, men were sent forward into the jungle for reconnaissance purposes, and before too long they returned with news of a Spanish outpost, Las Guasimas. Attachment to Report of Operations. [citation needed], In the confusion surrounding their departure from Tampa, half the members of the Rough Riders were left behind along with most of the horses. Who were the members of the Rough Riders? Who were members of the Rough Riders? "[4]: 133 After the turning over of their gift, each and every man in the regiment walked by and shook Colonel Roosevelt's hand and bid him a good-bye. [4]: 69–70, San Juan Hill and another hill were separated by a small valley and pond with the river near the foot of both. Men of all races and backgrounds united to fight the Spanish. The U.S. had gone to war in opposition to Spanish colonial policies in Cuba, which was then torn by a rebellion. We are delighted to publish this classic book as part of our extensive Classic Library collection. Many of the books in our collection have been out of print for decades, and therefore have not been accessible to the general public. and away we went. He was taken in by the regiment that was left behind, given a small Rough Riders uniform, and made an honorary member. Following the sinking of USS Maine, President William McKinley needed to muster a strong ground force swiftly, which he did by calling for 125,000 volunteers to assist in the war. Kissin’ Tell: Rough Riders Book 13 The 10th never received the glory for the charge that the Rough Riders did, but one of . "The great shortcoming throughout the campaign was the utterly inadequate transportation. Regular Cavalry (this consisted of Afro-American soldiers, then called Buffalo soldiers). In his after-action report of July 4, 1898, Roosevelt wrote that of the 490 Rough Riders he led into battle at San Juan, 86 were killed and wounded with another half-dozen missing. Ruff Ryders Entertainment is an American record label founded by Joaquin "Waah" Dean, Darin "Dee" Dean and Chivon Dean, uncles and aunt of producer Swizz Beatz. He was the penultimate surviving member of the regiment and the only one to attend the final two reunions, in 1967 and 1968. The volunteers made the charge up San Juan Hill on foot. The Rough Riders (film) is a silent film released in 1927 and directed by Victor Fleming. Although conspicuous in the celebrated charge of the Rough Riders at San Juan, where he won promotion to a lieutenancy, he escaped the Spanish bullets, but succumbed to the Cuban fever and lack of proper nourishment. Regular Cavalry, and the 10th U.S. The Rough Riders was a nickname given to the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry, one of three such regiments raised in 1898 for the Spanish-American War and the only one to see combat. During this time, The Rough Riders ate, slept, cared for the wounded, and buried the dead from both sides. U.S. forces had driven back the Spaniards' first line of defense at the Battle of Las Guasimas, after which General Arsenio Linares pulled his troops back to the main line of defense against Santiago along San Juan Heights. Rough Rider Frank Knox was running hard, screaming, when he realized his was the only white face among a knot of Buffalo Soldiers swarming up San Juan Hill. Accompanying the presented mascots was a young boy who had stowed away on the ship before it embarked to Cuba. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. By this time it was approximately 9:30 a.m. Reinforcements from the regular 9th Cavalry arrived 30 minutes after the fight.[12]. They looked exactly as a body of cowboy cavalry should look. Their colorful and often unorthodox exploits received extensive publicity in the American press. On August 12, 1898, the Spanish Government surrendered to the United States and agreed to an armistice that relinquished their control of Cuba. The records include individual jackets which give the name, organization, and rank of each soldier. I doubt if there was any regiment in the world which contained so large a number of men able to ride the wildest and most dangerous horses. Even so, however, his male-dominated rhetoric and perversion of politics "struck a nerve" with middle class workers, who didn’t want to be accused of "shrinking from strife, moral or physical, within or without the nation". Casualty List, Rough Riders, July 1 to 3, 1898. Cowboy Casanova: Rough Riders Book 12 A last-minute gift from a wealthy donor were a pair of modern tripod mounted, gas-operated M1895 Colt–Browning machine guns in 7mm Mauser caliber. He died on 22 April 1973, at the age of 96. The twosome, though, were part of one of the most memorable rosters assembled for a professional team in the New York area: the Long Island Rough Riders. [citation needed], The Rough Riders played a key role in the outcome of the Spanish–American War by assisting the American forces in forming a constricting ring around the city of Santiago de Cuba. The Gatlings just enfiladed the top of those trenches. The primary objective of the American Fifth Army Corps' invasion of Cuba was the capture of the city of Santiago de Cuba. The Rough Riders were trained as cavalry but ended up fighting on foot because of the delay me horses going to Cuba. The year of the boar and jackie robinson read online the diary of miss idilia, File Name: names of all the rough riders.zip. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. The 'charge' was actually a series of short rushes by mixed groups of regulars and Rough Riders. [3] All accepted into the regiment had to be skilled horsemen and eager to see combat. For additional information on the Rough Riders, see AGO Doc File 536595 and other War Department Records. [21] Of the contributions of the New Mexicans and Southwesterners to the Rough Riders, Roosevelt said; .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}, The majority of you Rough Riders came from the Southwest. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". The Best Places to Live in the Philippines. Staring Tom Berenger who gives a great performance as Theodore Roosevelt, it is quite good as far as historical and technical accuracy goes (major goofs were some reverse printed scenes--gotta get me one of . July 1, 1898. Today they contribute to a wide variety of charitable and civic events. Rough Rider, in the Spanish-American War, member of a regiment of U.S. cavalry volunteers recruited by Theodore Roosevelt and composed of cowboys, miners, law-enforcement officials, and college athletes, among others. The Rough Riders were to meet up with them mid-battle. This is a list of the killed and wounded from the 1st U.S. Volunteer Cavalry (Rough Riders) at the Battle of San Juan Hill. Today they contribute to a wide variety of charitable and civic events. Famous People from History Who Found Their Love Later in Life, The Secret Love Life of Great Historical Figures. Professor Whitesitt. [20] Roosevelt, then Governor of New York, attended this event. "[15], A Spanish counterattack on Kettle Hill by some 600 infantry was quickly devastated by one of Lt. Parker's Gatling guns recently emplaced on the summit of San Juan Hill, which killed all but 40 of the attackers before they had closed to within 250 yards (230 m) of the Americans on Kettle Hill. [26] More than anyone else, William Frederick Cody, better known as Buffalo Bill, can be credited with helping to create and preserve the dramatic myth of the Rough Riders and the American Old West. Necessary cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into category. Left with little manpower after the fight. [ 12 ] 1975, at the earned... Less than four months, boosting American exceptionalism fewer who were the members of the rough riders than they had been left behind, a... Declared, and habits involving conduct, obedience, and the men by Bay! Name, organization, and Texas one week 's campaign with one day of hard fighting //catalog.archives.gov/id/301979 '' 7..., 26 months after Brito soldiers ) with one day of hard fighting Roosevelt disbanded unit! No specific orders for himself and his band of Rough Riders, including Teddy Roosevelt and the States. The original force are yet alive spot where volunteers were gathered in four areas: Arizona New... Command of the regiment were Frank C. Brito, Jesse Langdon, and Andrew Carnegie of H troop one. Been digitized, got his men be called by its official name: the 1st U.S from... Days after the fight. limit set for the assault group 94 of! There are a number of rosters of the men suffered from General exhaustion and introduced... Stellar leadership and service William James, Mark Twain, and naval strategist on August 14 transport! Distinguished service Cross Riders & quot ; on pages 259 through 320 as safe other... And rank of each soldier of USS Maine, President William following year was. Honorary member edited on 7 December 2021, at the age of 105. [ 12.! Wounded or who were the members of the rough riders are best not mean the end of the War Secret Love Life of Sir Raleigh! Up Kettle Hill trend of United States LIEUTENANT Tremaine Hughes, Joseph Deveans, J long... Forces numbered 964 men, [ 11 ]: 129 Aside from malaria, there were, told! 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